Humanity is given revelation of God in Jesus Christ. The angels knew this already as they were present at His birth. (Luke 2) These and other angels appear to be omniscient like God. I aim to show otherwise.
Our temporal nature is obvious, but the fact that God reveals himself to man is important. The scriptural basis for this is the gospel of John when Jesus calls the disciples His friends and that now they know their master’s business.
John 14: 14-15
14 You are My friends if you do what I command you. 15 No longer do I call you slaves, for the slave does not know what his master is doing; but I have called you friends, because all things that I have heard from My Father I have made known to you.
This means Jesus as God by calling the disciples friends and the subsequent coming of the Holy Spirit (Holy Spirit coming:Acts 2:1-8;Holy Spirit’s role John 14:26) show that humanity can learn directly from God through the Holy Spirit.
Angels do whatever God tells them however God made them. God infuses them with knowledge. The angels are also able to exist in time. They do so most often in tandem with the human they are guarding in particular because the human is in time. The most extensive example is the Archangel Raphael in the book of Tobit from chapter 5 onward. This book and other instances give evidence that angels can exist in time.
The Church teaches guardian angels exist, but not much of the mechanics of it. We can conclude that because the situation is like that of Tobit their existence is likewise able to learn.
This matters because if angels gain experience, that explains this verse.
1 Cor 6:3
3 Do you not know that we will judge angels? How much more matters of this life?
This argument assumes a Christian worldview and should be treated as such.
I am not an expert on Jewish lore but I would suggest talking to someone who knows more. I can definitely say that they suggest a hierarchy of angels as does catholic teachings. However nothing I know of leads me to think Angel’s gain in position or power.