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Muslims must by default place their faith in humans before Allah due to how the Qur’an was compiled into its current form

This should be a bigger thing. It seems like a potentially devastating link in the chain upon which the legitimacy of the Qur’an rests.

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I will try to be objective.

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Official Islamic jurisprudence accepts the following narrative:

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x200B;gt;**1) Allah instructs Jibreel to reveal his scripture to the very human Muhammad.**
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x200B;gt;**Muhammad is illiterate and incapable of committing the message to paper and therefore recites the verses (as they were revealed, in a disjointed format) to his companions who would then commit it to memory.**
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x200B;gt;**Note: Some scholars believe that several scribes including Zayd Ibn Thabit and Ubay Ibn Ka’b recorded verses of the Quran. The total number of scribes seems to be 43.**

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As mentioned, Muhammad is human, with a highly erroneous mind.

Two problems arise.

a) Even if 99% of the verses came from Jibreel, due to the fallible nature of the human mind, Muhammad could possibly have mistaken his own dreams for being Qur’anic revelations. It would be impossible for Muhammad to delineate between reality and dreams.

b) As the verses were revealed, some longer than others, Muhammad could very possibly have forgotten or jumbled them in his head before sharing them with his companions.

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As we can see, the first potentially weak link in the chain is Muhammad. Faith must be placed in Muhammad, first and foremost.

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x200B;gt;**2) Upon Umar Ibn al-Khattab’s insistence, Abu Bakr ordered the collection of the hitherto scattered pieces of the Quran into one copy. Do note that 70 muslims who had memorized the Qur’an died at the Battle of Yamama.**
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x200B;gt;**For this task, Zayd Ibn Thabit, Muhammad’s primary scribe, was assigned the duty of gathering all of the Quranic text.**
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x200B;gt;**His reaction to the task and its difficulties are further explained:**
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x200B;gt;***”…By Allah, if he (Abu Bakr) had ordered me to shift one of the mountains it would not have been harder for me than what he had ordered me concerning the collection of the Quran… So I started locating the Quranic material and collecting it from parchments, scapula, leafstalks of date palms and from the memories of men.*** **\[Bukhari** [***Sahih al-Bukhari***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari)**,** [**6:60:201**](https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/060-sbt.php#006.060.201)**\]**
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x200B;gt;**He then collated them against the recollections of the Huffaz, the memorizers.**

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We’re already seeing cracks in this game of Chinese whispers. Zayd himself admits that this is an impossible task. He starts locating Quranic material… leafstalks of date palms and memories of men… and then collates them against the recollections of the memorizers.

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How do we know Zayd does not have an agenda of his own? Impossible. Therefore, faith must be placed in Zayd.

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x200B;gt;**3) The task required Zayd ibn Thabit to collect written copies of the Quran, with each verse having been validated with the oral testimony of at least two companions.**

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Problem 1: Two or more people can easily have the same misconceptions and illusions, especially if they have both forgotten some parts.

Problem 2: These people could easily collude to fabricate verses or lie for reasons only they would know. Also, even if we assume that they were completely honest, because of how weak the prior links in the chain are, we have to simply **assume** that the verses they had memorized were not in any way corrupted.

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If we made it all this way, faith must now be placed in these companions. We must assume that they:

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1. Are not lying or have an agenda of their own and 2) Have gotten the right information.

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x200B;gt;**4) The Quran was collected under the auspices of committee of four senior ranking Companions headed by Zayd ibn Thabit.**

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Now, we have to assume that these four senior ranking officials are not colluding and do not have an agenda of their own. That they would not leave anything out or make any changes. At this stage, the compilation will not go through the Huffaz filter again – which means… any changes they make will be hard or nigh-impossible to detect.

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If we made it this far, faith is now placed in the four senior ranking officials.

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x200B;gt;**5) Caliph Uthman obtained the sheets of the Quran from Ḥafṣa and appointed a commission consisting of Zayd and three prominent Meccans, and instructed them to copy the sheets into several volumes based on the dialect of Quraysh, the main tribe of Mecca. This would become the Uthman codex, the canonical corpus of the Qur’an that is accepted today by Islamic jurisprudence to be the unaltered, verbatim word of Allah.**

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Caliph Uthman, a powerful figure, orders the finalized compilation of the Qur’an and we have to trust that he did not use his political influence or power to in any way, shape or form alter the Qur’an.

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If we made it this far, faith is now placed in Caliph Uthman, a political ruler, plus Zayd and the three prominent Meccans.

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As you can see, to believe in the Qur’an, you are first placing your faith in the humans that comprise this shaky chain of narration/revelation. And I postulate that this is not faith in Allah, but faith in the honesty and reliability of man. The revelations have passed through so many humans, so that even if events transpired as claimed, it is more than rational to assume that the Qur’an, as it exists today, is highly altered and/or incomplete. If that is true – then the entire Qur’an rests on shaky ground, and it stands to reason that it’s questionable in its entirety.



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Mary Johnson
Mary Johnsonhttp://ActionNews.xyz
I have been reading and writing for over 20 years. My passion is reading and I would like to someday write a novel. I enjoy exercise and shopping.
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7 COMMENTS

  1. Do you apply this same ‘verification regimen’ to the texts of all other religions as well? After all, we have far less evidence to verify the authorship and/or provenance of many of the world’s religious texts when compared to that of the Qur’an. As such, are you proposing that all religions are demonstrably false?

  2. > first potentially weak link in the chain is Muhammad.

    I disagree, the weakest link is Jibreel.

    Angels don’t have names and can be proven.

    But Islamists are completely ignorant and unaware of this truth.

  3. > I will try to be objective.

    Arabic literature had been standardised after the Persian conquest. All of your assumptions of having a committee over what is from Quran or not doesn’t fit into the cadre of this reality.

    The Arabic language existed along with its writing styles, along with its sayings, along with its accents. There were no committee to be built comparable to Christian councils as the oral tradition was for more stronger than other culture then Christianity and Judaism’s.

    But this spread-out culture about Arabic allow one thing, there were plenty of witnesses and notes about which verse had been revealed or not, as people from whole of Arabia had memorised the Quran.

    If there was only few people who were interested in a text, like happened with Gospels, the issue would be the case, but as the congregation was larger and people learnt the Book by memorising not reading, their linguistic skills were the backup.

    > And I postulate that this is not faith in Allah, but faith in the honesty and reliability of man.

    God decreed that each of His revelation had been explained by Him, and Sahaba had used the explanation given by God as they were able to rule (!) a wide portion of land in peace, because people wanted to leave their previous habits and admit the new rule.

    The religion is about everything and it is like water and air, it matches to human needs, stories about the religion has no priority over the religion itself.

    TL:DR; As people do not want to submit to God’s code, they don’t trust Him.

  4. It’s really much simple than that, if the Quran was from Prophet muhammed imagination or from the companies of the prophet conspiratory to come up with imaginary Quran. Then come up with another one your self, if it’s all done by humans .
    Throughout human history many attemps were made to do such including last attempt in 1999 under the name True Furqan and all were just hilarious compared to Quran. You think it’s all human imagination, sure go ahead make one ur self

  5. We already know that. That’s why Sunnis have huge problems with radical Muslims such as the Shi’is, Ibadis, Salafis, and Liberals. If you undermine the credibility of the majority, you undermine Islam itself. That’s why the aforementioned groups are very prone to apostasy. For example, some Shi’is have claimed that the Quran was fabricated, like the Bible. Some Salafis have claimed that Islam was changed like Christianity. You can clearly see how fast it can go downhill from there. As such, we argue that indeed the Companions and the Prophet, peace be upon them, are indeed trustworthy. Indeed, that doctrine is the essential difference between Islam and disbelief.

    So to address your points briefly: (1) the Prophet pbuh has taught that he is infallible. So, since we trust him, we believe that the possibility of him making a mistake is zero. (2) The statement of Zayd is an expression of piety and humility. The task’s difficulty is attached to the holy status of the Quran and the great responsibility pertaining to it. (3) Thousands of companions had already memorised the Quran, getting two written testimonies (not oral) for each verse was already an overkill that reflects their piety. The Quran is essentially transmitted orally. (4) You underestimate the perfectionism of the Huffaz. A change of a single letter would be be detected and cause an uproar. (5) Faith is not placed in the person of the Caliph, rather it is placed into the entire Muslim community who accepted the procedure. Even secular scholarship acknowledges that the Uthmanic codex is the most accurate.

  6. > As the verses were revealed, some longer than others, Muhammad could very possibly have forgotten or jumbled them in his head before sharing them with his companions.

    Your argument seems to assume/acknowledge the existence of Allah (SWT) and the angel Gabriel who transmitted the Quran to the prophet (SAW) . So it’s not like you’re saying the prophet (SAW) made it all up himself, memorized it and then preached it, right?

    So since Allah (SWT) ultimately oversaw everything, we can be sure that He guarded the Quran and made sure it was preserved from the time of the prophet to its compilation by his companions to the present day.

    Allah (SWT) says so Himself.

    – Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur’an and indeed, We will be its guardian. (15:9)

    So there’s no room for human error distorting the Quran at any point.

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